The Impact of Globalization on Poor Countries

The Impact of internationalisation on Poor CountriesGlobalization refers to integration of regional societies, cultures and economies through reduction of state enforced limitations on exchanges between several(predicate) countries thereby enhancing a global network of make do and communication. While globalization is driven by interaction of assorted, economies, technology, semipolitical factors and social cultures, the term is in sousedly cases used to refer to economic globalization where different countries economies become integrated into an international economy through a globe spanning network of parcel expose, migration, foreign deal investment fundss, technology and capital flows. Globalization also involves transnational exchange of ideas, languages and acculturation (Amin, 2004). Globalization history crowd bring out be traced from the Hellenistic age and the splay of humanity-wide when commercialized urban centers of Greek culture deal Athens, Antioch an d Alexandria enhanced a wide spreadhead of trade and commercial links. Globalization continued with the colonization of Ameri hatfuls by Europeans which initiated the Columbian exchange enhancing a wide spread of crops, trade and human states and migration. Globalization however got its modern form in 19th century shaped by imperialism when industrialization brought about economies of scale which made sixpenny production which was sustained by increased population demand. Its argued that the forces of globalization enhanced the world war (Barkema Drogendijk, 2007).Globalization as used by different economists and social scientists can be traced back in 1960s and has inspired diverse and numerous definitions and understanding. Globalization and internationalisation are interchangeably used the only distinction in the usage of the two terms is that internationalization is more focused on international relations, trade and treaties which are driven by labor and capital mobility. G lobalization as used in economic context refers to reduction and elimination of barriers between different countries economies in away that flow of goods and services capital and labor is facilitated. Some of the things that slowdown globalization include countries political and capital policies which are inward flavour and focused to protection of countries industries (Wood,1998).To enhance globalization microeconomics processes need to be focused on economic policies, political subjectivity, capital and other different dynamics and domains so as to denationalize what has been made national.Globalization is seen as a way of flattening the world into global system of trade, supply chain and outsourcing and this has greatly and permanently changed countries economies, political forces both in a good and a bad way. The rate of globalization is increasing and continues to come a rising impact on phone line practice and commercial organization, giving a neoliberal kind of internation al economic systems (Beall, 2004).Rapid expansion of transnational corporations in U.S and Europe has given rise to systematic trend of economies growth and die dynamics which are the main drives of the quickening globalization which has stand the counter tendency changes and forces that emanate from trade center actions and political activities. Globalization has become an irreversible phenomenon whose long history in trade economic systems has given rise to transnational elites and political globalization which has phased out the handed-down form of respectable-nation states, globalization has given rise to heathen and ideological homogenization oecumenic couplight-emitting diode with significant inventions. Globalization has largely been driven by political planning which has seen a breakdown of trade borders and increasing interdependence of states through international commerce and trade and the establishment of international institutions to manage the globalization proce ss. These institutions include the World Bank (formerly known as bank for International Reconstruction and Development), World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund. Advanced engineering science has greatly reduced the trade and negotiation cost through agreed trade tariffs which gift seen the possibility of free trade among different countries (Ostry, 1998). Some of the actions compound in the General arrangement on Trade Tariffs include elimination of trade tariffs creating free trade zones, lowering the transportation costs and enhancing containerization which has made maritime hipping in different countries possible, introduction of harmonized trade subsidies globally which has attracted different corporations in the international market. Increased restrictions in the harmonized intellectual property laws consecrate also seen a great breakthrough for free trade much(prenominal) that intellectual properties and patents are recognized crossways states. Trade t reaties enhanced by the WTO like the Uruguay Round which has introduced a uniform trading platform, other multilateral and bilateral agreements on trade like North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly reduced the trade tariffs and barriers and enhanced free trade and given a rise in world exports and the total gross world product (Lazear, 1999). Advanced communication technology mobile pone and other computer software technology spread among countries which have made communication cheap and possible among countries, and worldwide marketing has greatly driven cultural globalization with western American culture dominating most regions in expense of the traditional diversity. The contrasting trend led by movements in protest to globalization has not given any fruits in its defense for local individuality singularity and identity (Yeung, 2002).According to Rothstein (2005), various economic characteristics of globalization like capital, labor, technology and exports and i mports, we can easily measure globalization if we take it as economic globalization. Exports and imports can be determined as a proportion gross national income while labor can be determined as net migration rate flow weighted by population inward and outward flow. Inward and outward capital flow can be determined through investment as a proportion of per capital income while technology can be measured in terms of worldwide research as rise as development flows and the rates of change noted through inventions that has given new products in telephone, motor vehicle and broadband industries (Knaude, 2001).However globalization is not economic phenomenon only and therefore requires a multivariate approach in taking its measurement. Swiss index has taken into consideration three key dimensions of globalization as political, economic and cultural effects taking some sub-indices like economic flows and restrictions, personal contact data, information flow and cultural proximity data whi ch are available on annual basis. According to the Swiss index, Belgium is the most globalized country worldwide followed by Austria and Sweden while United Kingdom comes fourth followed by Netherlands (Agell, 1999). The Index has shown that Haiti is the least globalized countries followed by Myanmar and Burundi.Globalization has given forth to good and bad aspects which have abnormal countries in different ways. Movement of production materials and fabricate goods has given rise to emergence of worldwide markets and given consumers and firms a broader access to foreign products. The trade between China and Africa particularly has rise seven quantify fro the period between 2000 and 2007. Emergence of international financial markets has given customers worldwide access to external finance. This has however grown fast than the transnational regulatory regimen and given rise to instability in the worldwide financial infrastructure as evidenced by the current financial crisis (Mishk in, 2009). Realization of a worldwide market where goods and capital are free exchange has a great economic realization while its interconnectedness would give great effects in case of one economy collapsing. For instance, every worldwide IT company has established its market in India, if Indias economy collapses this would have the adverse effects spread amongst umteen other economies (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Globalization has greatly affected the health systems on a global scale where health has became a trade commodity especially in developing nations following the structural adjustment programs which have seen the health sector privatized and the health policy largely fragmented due to various private interests which have focused on partnerships as a way to fight the various problems instead of a comprehensive health strategy. Health policy has greatly been affected by the global trade and economy driven by the technological advancement which has given innovative medical dread trade. At time the global priorities have run over the nation health care priorities making the health infrastructure more valuable to public the privatized form of health care which largely focuses on the wealthy (Dunning, 1998).Globalization has led to creation of governments with relaxed relationships and guaranteed social and economic rights. United State has over time taken a powerful eyeshot following its strong and wealthy economy. The republic of China has experienced rapid growth following globalization and with support from the United States. Economists have project that if Chinas growth is maintained at that rate, this would bring a great change world wide in the next twenty years since it will sozzled power reallocation among world leaders with China being one of the wealthy and industrialized nations and this will rival the United States worldwide powerful position (Jones, 2008).Increased Informational flow between different geographical locations has brought technol ogical change with the introduction of fibre optic communications and improved accessibility via telephone and net income facility. Globalization has also increased competition due to worldwide market which has challenged different companies and industries to improve their products and skillfully use technology. Globalization has brought various ecological changes and environmental challenges due to cross boundary pollution of water and air and the overfishing of oceans as well as spread species which are invasive. This can be faced out through international cooperation, but its noted that most factories run their plants in developing nations where environmental regulations are lenient. As such globalization and free trade has largely increased pollution in these countries and deteriorated peoples standard of living. The world ecological capacity has proved insufficient to handle the ambitions of China, U.S, and Europe among other countries sustainably. Also globalization would bri ng about depletion of resources like zinc, terbium and indium, if U.S, China and India continue with the current consumption this would lead to conflict over diminishing natural-resources (Casson, 1996). One classic cultural aspect of globalization is food consumption whereby people in China can be consuming American food while those in Africa can be consuming Italian meals. McDonalds is one of the American food companies with a global network of 31,000 locations worldwide and has had great cultural influence globally. In asset to international travel, migration and tourism internet has broken down cultural borders worldwide through enabling interaction and communication among people from different state, thus communion different lifestyles and cultures even beyond the language barriers by use of photo sharing websites. Globalization has led to spread of multiculturalism where some come local cultures have been assimilated and others have been supplanted (Taylor, 2008).Globalizati on has however faced significant opposition internationally arguing that it has lowered the quality of life and increased the environmental degradation by reducing the competitiveness of some countries industries, and perhaps agriculture in nations that have not yet adapted to the changes brought by globalization (Daryl, 2009). The flow of information, products and people across countries has led to spread of deadliest diseases like HIV/Aids which still remain a top cause of death especially in Asia and Africa while the infectious disease actually began in America. Also, globalization played vital role in the recent bird flue which spread to different nations and killed several. Other diseases whose spread has been fueled by globalization include the chagas disease and tuberculosis (Bernstein Cashore, 2000). Globalization has created opportunities in developed and rich nations thereby driving talent from slimy countries which has led to brain drains. This has cost Africa continen t approximately $4.1 billion expatriate professionals yearly. Globalization negative economic liberalization effects are also manifested by the global financial crisis which has been as a result of interconnected states forming global economic system such as the crumple of subprime financial or mortgage market in U.S. The flow of products like televisions, textiles and others in the U.S have fueled expansion of Asian economies but has as well raised great criticism against Chinese textile products in Europe as well as in African countries (Levy-Livermore, 1999). For instance, the influx of Chinese textile goods in South Africa has led to neediness of jobs by textile workers in that industry.Different studies show that, globalization has not fought Income disparity and food insecurity such that the three richest people worldwide owns more financial assets than what 10% of the poorest world population possess. For example, in sub-Saharan basin Africa communities continue to live in e xtreme poverty with studies indicating that almost half of children population in India is undernourished. Globalization opens door for a poor country to reach international market, and as such large corporations have taken advantage of such economies to facilitate export poverty such that they invest in these nations due to low wage rates and if the countries labor laws are changed in favor of employees the corporations close down and relocate to other countries with conservative economic policies (Zander Mathews, 2007). In conclusion, critics argue that globalization has led most poor countries suffer disadvantages since their exports are mainly verdant products and they are unable to offer their producers subsidies which are enjoyed in the developed nations thereby lowering the prices for poor producers. Globalization also leads to exploitation of workers who are impoverished in these poor countries through cheap labor and weak labor unions (Taylor, 2008). Globalization is medi ated depending of corporate interests which results to alternative institutional policies that address moral claims for both the poor and working population and environmental concerns in an equitable way.ReferencesAgell, J. (Feb, 1999). On the Benefits from Rigid Labour grocery stores Norms, Market Failures, and Social Insurance .The Economic Journal. 109(453) 143-164.Amin, A. (Jun., 2004). Regulating Economic Globalization. proceeding of the Institute of British Geographers. 29(2) 217-233 Barkema, H, G Drogendijk, R. (Dec., 2007). Internationalizing in Small, Incremental or Larger Steps? Journal of International Business Studies. 38(7) 1132-1148Beall, J. (June 2004). Rethinking Globalization. Journal of Southern African Studies. 302(2)408-409Bernstein, S Cashore, B. (Mar., 2000). 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