Social Exclusion and Discrimination

Do we, as citizens, have the ability to be included, to function and to participate fully in the varied aspects of today’s society? This essay will look at defining the terms described in the title by exploring research and theories that measure these problems. The essay will identify a group of people who experience one of these struggles, citing evidence to confirm this. The essay will also look at what can be done to prevent people being excluded, oppressed and co.uk/our-changing-society/">discriminated against.Sociology is the study of human social behaviour, especially the study of the backgrounds, groups, establishments, and development of human society, and some theories help to decide why and how to choose between alternative distinctions (Payne 2005). Theories are statements of ideas, and Fook (2002) states that putting names to things help provide explanations and understanding of practice. Payne (2005, p6) stated that â€Å" Because social work is a practical actio n in a complex world, a theory must offer a model of explicit guidance. † There are different sociological theories on social influences, and these are interesting in their comparisons. Emile Durkheim was a structural functionalist. He was also a positivist, believing that society conforms to unwavering laws and that there is an objective reality(Giddens 2001). He operated within a framework that sees society as a complex structure or system in which the parts work together to promote cohesion and stability (Dubois & Prade 1990). Structure in this context refers to any stable pattern of social behaviour; the function aspect is the examination of the consequences of individual actions for the operation of society as a whole. This perspective basically perceives all different parts of a society come together and work as one whole part, in which power is underplayed. This could mean that if an individual or group does not work with the rest of society then they may be excluded. Howe (2002) explains that sociology would be the backbone of the structural perspective within social work and would look at the political, economic and material environment in which people find themselves. He goes on to say that this theory encompasses an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory perspective and that poverty, inequality and lack of social justice can seriously disadvantage some people and that these disadvantages can contribute to poor social functioning. Structural theorists maintain that these people are not a problem to society but that society has become a problem for them. However, functionalism is often criticized for not adequately explaining change, and placing too much order on order and stability. (Haralambos et al 2004) The conflict theorists view the society from an objective and hierarchical point of view. In this perspective some individuals are inferior to society. The basis of social order is power or intimidation and the only way to change within the society is through a power struggle in which there is a lot of competition. Social class is extremely important in this perspective for it defines an individual’s place in the pyramid of power. Karl Marx was the originator of the conflict theory and described societies like Britain as capitalist systems whereby rich employers and business owners with capital set up businesses which exploit working classes to generate maximum profits (Macionis & Plummer 2008). Therefore, according to this theory, the working classes could be discriminated against. Social exclusion is a multidimensional, dynamic concept which emphasises the processes of change through which individuals or groups are excluded from the mainstream of society and their life chances reduced. (Philip & Shucksmith 1999. ) There is no agreed definition of social exclusion, but there are considered to be conditions that many agree are contributing factors. Shaw et al (2006) described social exclusion as affecting individuals or areas that suffer from linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, bad health, high crime and family breakdowns. So it has been found that living in a deprived area can drive a person into extreme poverty and/or social exclusion. (Haan et al. 1987, p 989). Therefore, we can conclude that social exclusion is mainly associated with the above circumstances but it is also linked to a lack of social support, social position and empowerment. White (1998) describes the processes leading to social exclusion – including economic change, demographic change, changes to welfare systems and processes of segregation and separation of certain minority groups. Social exclusion is not just about individuals, it can refer to whole communities within which everyone can be affected. For example, areas with high levels of unemployment and deprivation. Sooman & Macintyre (1995) reported that studies in Glasgow showed differences in self-reported health between local areas, with more advantaged areas showing fewer health problems. In the mid 1990’s, this country was distinguished by high levels of social exclusion, with the highest rates in Europe of jobless households and teenage pregnancies (www. socialexclusionunit. gov. uk). Many of these figures worsened during the 1990’s and crime, poverty, exclusion from school and drug/alcohol dependency became significant problems. Nowadays, the concept of social exclusion is taking over from poverty. It does not just mean poor income, it suggests something more than social inequality and so it carries the risk of a multi-tier society or the relegation to the status of the welfare dependent. Robbins, cited in Alcock, 1997). We could, of course, ask the question why is social exclusion a problem? Why should we care about someone who does not participate in key activities of the society in which he or she lives? (Burchardt et al, 2002). After all, not everybody chooses to conform to social norms. So, what if an individual has used their personal autonomy to deliberately exclude themselves from society? A recluse who prefers solitude to company, a youth who chooses to join a criminal gang rather than pursue a career, or the rich people who lock themselves away at the other end of the social scale? Do all these people constitute a social problem, and if so, is it the same kind of problem as those who are socially excluded for reasons beyond their control? (British Journal of Psychiatry 2007. 191). There is, in society, an expectation that people conform to social norms, and if someone behaves or looks differently from what is expected then they could be subject to discrimination, whether their lifestyle is their own choice or has been forced upon them. To discriminate, briefly defined, means to victimize or favour a group or individual because of social, economic, race, gender or religious reasons. The law in Britain recognises two kinds of discrimination; direct and indirect. Direct discrimination occurs when, as defined above, a group or individual is targeted for specific reasons. Indirect discrimination can happen when there are rules or regulations set in place which could exclude certain people. For instance, an employer may state that no hats or headwear are to be worn in the workplace. This could indirectly discriminate against people of certain ethnicity whose religion states that they cover their heads. Discrimination and social exclusion have certain similarities and can be compared by drawing attention to the different types of social discrimination experienced by people. Discriminatory behaviours take many forms but they all involve some sort of exclusion or rejection. These behaviours can be looked at in different ways – for example, anthropologically. Anthropology as a discipline gives powerful insight to personal views and asks the fundamental question, how and why do human beings behave the way they do (Bronowski 1952) and compares the historical development of human society. This can be used in social work by enabling workers to understand different human behaviours and why they may be a product of society. As stated above, discrimination and social exclusion can have similar aspects but a key difference between them are the consequences that can come from discrimination, such as the policies put in place to ensure fair practice for those people who could be discriminated against by illness, age or gender. The core examples of these are the Disability, Age and Sex Discrimination policies now in place. These policies ensure that, legally, people can no longer be discriminated against for having a disability, being too old or too young or because of their gender. The social composition of a population affects the ways in which social discrimination is exercised. In a society with people of multiple identities, for example ethnicity and religion, individuals or groups are likely to face discriminatory problems in multiple ways. The extent and types of discrimination will depend on peoples’ status in the population. Similarly, oppression is also multifaceted and can be caused by fear of someone different, or someone who does not conform to what is thought to be the norm in social standing. It is important to recognise the common themes across the areas of exclusion, discrimination and oppression. Thompson (2006, p40) stated that: â€Å"Oppression can be defined as inhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups; hardship and injustice brought about by the dominance of one group over another. There are many parallels between the experiences of people with disabilities, gender issues, homosexuals and ethnic minorities but oppression and discrimination cannot be explained merely by peoples’ personal prejudices. Oppression does not derive simply from individual actions, it can be built into structural and institutional patterns and organisational policies. (Thompson 2001) The fact that we live in a highly stratified society means that inequalities are part of the social order and there are inevitably winners and losers. (Thompson 2001) Rooney (1987) gives an example of this. He describes how a local authority used a word of mouth process to recruit home-help staff. When there were vacancies for these jobs, the existing predominantly white employees would be asked to pass on information of the vacancies to friends and/or family. This meant that knowledge of the posts would only be passed on to a predominantly white group of people, some of whom would be interviewed and consequently employed. Because of this, black and ethnic minorities were systematically excluded, even though it may have been unintentional. There are many authorities and organisations that can be seen as being guilty of this kind of institutional oppression, with the ideas of powerful groups becoming dominant over the minority as quoted by Marx in 1845 â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas. † Whilst anyone can experience social exclusion, discrimination or oppression, it has been found that certain groups are more vulnerable to them and that they are all linked to a certain degree. It is usually a combination of factors that contribute to social exclusion, thus making it a multidimensional process and not caused by a single unique factor. Madanipour et al 1998, cited in Byrne 2005). One group in particular that experience social exclusion are people that suffer from mental illness. It could be that the majority of negative attitudes towards mental illness are simply a reflection of the lack of understanding of various mental health conditions, and this could have a bearing on any initiative to combat such prejudice in the future. Link et al (1999) reported that though there has been some improvement of general understanding, the public, largely, does wish to maintain social distance from the mentally ill. Hocking (2003) found that people with schizophrenia, specifically, were subject to discrimination in housing, education and employment. Although the public perception of mental illness has been studied vastly, there are few studies to date that concentrate on how the public perceive mental illness within the workplace. Williams and Wilkins (1998) reported that when human resources officers were given vignettes of job applications where the applicants had very similar skills and qualifications, applicants who described themselves as having depression significantly reduced their chance of employment compared to that of applicants with diabetes. Baldwin and Johnson (2004) stated that workers with mental health problems were subject to a greater discrimination and suffered a lower employability ranking than workers suffering from a physical illness. Research also acknowledges that mental illness receives a greater amount of negativity than that of a physical illness. Britt (2000) reported that among military service members there was a strong belief that admitting to psychological or mental health problems at work would make them more discriminated against than admitting to physical problems. Over half of the participants of the report believed that a military service member’s career would be negatively affected by admitting a psychological problem and just under half actually admitted that they would maintain a distance from a co-worker has he or she disclosed a psychological problem. Rush et al (2005) identified 3 known misconceptions linked to people with mental illness: i)They are homicidal maniacs that should be avoided ii) They are rebellious free spirits iii) They have childlike perceptions of the world The most measurable of these is the first one – which could explain some of the exclusion, discrimination and oppression suffered by people with mental health problems. The government has encouraged action in the employment of people with mental illness through its action plan on social exclusion (Social Exclusion Task Force 2006), but levels of unemployment are still significantly high for sufferers even though most of them want to, and are able to work. They usually end up on long term benefit and suffer social exclusion in the form of deprivation, isolation and physical, as well as mental, ill health. Social support is of crucial importance to individuals and groups with mental health problems, and, maybe if there was more trust between people, along with more community cohesion and empowerment, there might be a greater understanding of the difficulties encountered by people with mental health problems and society would discriminate less. In conclusion then, it would seem that there are many similarities between social exclusion, discrimination and oppression. All of these subjects evoke a strong, emotive response from those affected by them. In the UK alone, there are still thousands of people who are in poverty, homeless or have mental health problems and who are consequently excluded from aspects of society or discriminated against. This is despite interventions from health and social care workers from all sectors, the government and educational facilities. PCTs and providers are working hard and making significant progress in improving the accessibility and quality of primary health care in order to keep people healthier for longer and reduce health inequalities (www. wdc. org. uk). Community social work, which was used at the introduction of the welfare state, is going through a regeneration period and the introduction of Sure Start and Family Centres on what the government describes as ‘Sink Estates’ enables the socially excluded to access services and skills to enable them to feel part of society. As with all government initiatives, people regard services with suspicion but social workers are in a position to build trusting and therapeutic relationships within the community. Therefore, although progress is slow, it is not unattainable. There is now evidence, however, which demonstrates that we need to go further to improve the way we meet the primary health care needs of the most socially excluded people within our society, as socially excluded clients often do not show up on needs assessments. The ‘Inclusion Health study (www. swdc. org. uk) has also produced an excellent supporting evidence pack which commissioners can use to help build the case for improvement. There is a clear need for people who work with socially excluded people to stay within a framework of guidelines. For example, social workers need to develop an understanding of the problems that can occur within people’s lives and employ anti-oppressive practice in all aspects of care. It is possible that socially excluded groups feel disempowered and unable to do anything to help themselves and it is the duty of the social worker to hand back power to the service user whilst recognising the personal, cultural and social factors affecting the individual or family in question. There needs to be adequate assessments linked to helping people to solve problems and a sound knowledge of what can cause exclusion or discrimination by using research based evidence. Howe (1993) emphasized the importance of process in evaluation and there are several ways to implement this; for example through personal perceptions, evidence from service users, colleagues and supervisors and advice from other professionals or individuals involved. In short however, the only way to eliminate exclusion of any sort is to raise awareness in the shortfalls of society and eradicate prejudice, bigotry and ignorance.

The More Effective ICT Management Education Essay

Nowadays, most schools are increasing involved in the usage of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) in their instruction environment. The more effectual ICT direction is the more benefits that the pupils, the staff and the households receive from its ICT investing. West Moreton Anglican College is the school supplying move direction services to its pupils. The Information and Communication Technology section focuses on the more specific ICT degree that the pupils learn about ICT package usage, societal issues and scheduling ; evaluates and modifies the ICT ; Information Processing and Technology ( IPT ) and Information Technology Systems Programs ( ITSP ) to guarantee the emerging engineerings and future accomplishments of our society are met. The intent of this study is to supply the information about the systematic procedure of ICT direction based on the IT Infrastructure Ecosystem at West Moreton Anglican College. In fixing the study, the information is gathered largely from via electronic mail to interview the Information and Communication Technology Department, West Moreton Anglican College ‘s News, though information from the web sites and text edition was besides utilized. The analysis takes into history the administration construction, environment, nature, policies and its engineering. The information is presented in 3 bundles which are Management deductions, Organizational issues and Technology facets. The study is prepared based on the demand of IT Infrastructure Ecosystem of the West Moreton Anglican College and interpolation of the analytical procedure of why the Cloud Computing is of import for the College and what benefits the school could obtain from Big Data. As puting in its IT substructure, the College updates the current package and hardware, which are including a complete waiter refresh and migration to Windows 7 and Microsoft Office. The college starts to utilize the informations # 3 of Cloud Computing, it ‘s the clip to allow the pupils ‘go to the cloud ‘ , and the pupils could be able to entree their school assignments easy from their ain place Personal computer, West Moreton Anglican College ‘s Personal computer and their iPad ; that is besides convenient to the instructors to fix the lessons, whenever they want. Additionally, the College launched its ain iDevice App available on iTunes that gives pupils and instructors instant, unafraid entree to information including their timetable, day-to-day notices, appraisal and jaunt calendars and College events calendar. This session revisits cardinal determinations that were required to be made in order to back up this enterprise, hazards identified, obstructions, benefits to pupils and instructors and a expression toward the following few old ages of this on-going enterprise. West Moreton Anglican College launched the â€Å" Technology and Information Services Strategy † which are integrating Digital Teaching and Learning. The plan has been supported by practical, collaborative infinites utilizing Edublogs, Facebook and Twitter. The pupils can post their noticing about school. This could assist the school might pick up the issues and protecting the college ‘s repute and supplying a quality experience for the pupils and parents. 1. Introduction: Information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) becomes more of import portion of school operation exponentially. It is important that organisations know how to supply high-performance platforms for staffs work loads, schoolroom direction, information analysis, learning modeling and visual image, pull offing research, convenient cooperation between the co-worker, and coaction across multiple school. Most school usage ICT in their instruction environment, nevertheless they can non maximise the benefits to execute their concern undertakings expeditiously and efficaciously. I am traveling to place the West Moreton Anglican College sustainable usage the information and communicating engineering to accomplish the operating of instruction aims. This study is being produced to supply the information of how to heighten and use in the direction of its IT Infrastructure engineering, and urge a scheme to assist school program to leverage Big Data to accomplish its singular instruction operati on aim. 1.1 Background of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College is owned and operated by the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. The College was established on 31 January 1994, from an initial consumption of 225 kids development to about 1600 pupils ; the College has a staff of 104 full-time learning staff and 49 administrative and accessory staff ; and it is located on a semi-rural campus of 38 hectares in Ipswich. 1.2 The services of West Moreton Anglican College: Co-educational environment of West Moreton Anglican College consists of Senior, Middle and Junior Schools and Community Kindergarten, the college besides opens International pupils programme. 1.3 The mission of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College ‘s mission to the pupils, harmonizing to the really first prospectus, is to develop the balanced, to the full rounded and motivated persons who can make their maximal possible intellectually, socially, culturally, physically and emotionally ; let each pupil to prosecute single excellence. West Moreton Anglican College besides promises to parents is that their kids will have a quality instruction at an low-cost monetary value. The College ‘s slogan is Faith, Knowledge, Service. 1.4 The Structure of West Moreton Anglican College: West Moreton Anglican College has a staff of 104 full-time learning staff and 49 administrative and accessory staff. The West Moreton Anglican College Council is responsible for pull offing the personal businesss of the College and supervising its concerns and public assistance. The principal, in concurrence with the school Council, makes the executive determinations that govern the school, every bit good as holding the authorization over the employment of instructors. The Principal has a Senior Administration Team of 12 members. They are Principal-self, Deputy principal, Head of Senior School, Head of Middle School, Head of Junior School, Business Manager, Director of Curriculum, Director of Technology & A ; Information Services, Director of International Programs, Director of Sport & A ; Extra Curriculum Activity, These section are support in the countries of course of study, human resource direction, installation direction, finance, and selling and development. As the College has three sub-schools ; every school severally set up of Head, Deputy Head and Receptionist. Head and Deputy Head direct staff with the support of five House Coordinators and single coachs. As the College is Christian Living, a Chaplain provides pastoral attention and nurtures the religion of the College community as a whole. The academic plan has offerings in Agricultural Studies, Art, RAVE ( Religious and Values Education ) , Drama, English, Health and Physical Education, Information Communication Technology, languages other than English ( Nipponese and Mandarin Chinese ) , Mathematics, Music, Science and Social Science. The ICT section of the College provide services to every section of the college. It is every bit important as its services cover the whole school.1.5 West Moreton Anglican College Strategy:Bettering the manner we do things and raising the outlooks of and criterions for our community. Supplying plans that are antiphonal to student demands, sustainable and optimise pupil accomplishment. Constructing a civilization of high pupil accomplishment Prioritisation and rationalization of plans to let for effectual resourcing to enable single excellence Keeping and prolonging a antiphonal and effectual pastoral attention plan Transforming our community through religion, service and acquisition. Empowering persons Making a sense of belonging – yesteryear and nowadays Bing unfastened to possibilities and unfastened to alter Integrating religion and societal justness Raising our repute and edifice relationships so as to increase registrations and beef up our community. Bing recognised in the wider community for our cardinal strengths Enhancing our links in the local community Increasing registrations to develop waiting lists Improved selling through ‘word of oral cavity ‘ Strengthening our holistic attack to instruction Expand our market incursion into Attracting, retaining and developing high quality staff. Developing staff who are advanced, committed and professional Improved communicating within and across the administration Strengthening our HR capacity Committedness to targeted, value-add professional development new catchment countries Re-engineering our work flows and patterns to derive greater efficiencies and effectivity. Credence by staff of increased personal and group answerability for efficiency and effectivity Improved client satisfaction through concern procedure efficaciousness Bettering engineering competency by College staff to run into the challenges of this precedence Supplying resources appropriate to our market places that are aligned to hold plans and precedences. All plans are suitably housed and resourced ( purpose built ) Facilities and resources match or exceed market ( client ) outlook Our beacon plans are showcased and acknowledged by the wider community All plans supported by appropriate, modern-day engineering Guaranting long-run fiscal sustainability. Debt reduced to degrees that allow for extra capital enlargement Appropriately resource the enterprises contained within this program Improved pupil results ; Heightened parent satisfaction ; Enhanced staff battle ; Long term fiscal stableness.1.6 The West Moreton Anglican College ‘s relationship with external entities:West Moreton Anglican College has strong support programme to the Australia Defence Families. The College has a Defence Transition Mentor who faces the pupils of Middle pupil and besides has a Defence passage Mentor who coordinates at Junior School. They assist Defence Families, peculiarly during passages between schools and during parental absence. As the West Moreton Anglican College is the largest supplier of Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) plans in Queensland, the College builds a steadfast partnership with the private sector, which allows pupils to take part in employment 1 twenty-four hours a hebdomad while deriving a nationally recognised making, typically Certificate II or III. This typical relationship with external entities is first-class tools to assist ease pupils have a smooth passage to full clip employment in an of all time altering environment.1.7 West Moreton Anglican College ‘s web site:www.wmac.com.au2. The IT Infrastructure:As the shared engineering of the elements, IT substructure provides the platform within a school ‘s peculiar information system applications. It enables instructors, pupils and school staffs to entree a broad scope of maps, services, larning tools and digital information resources which support instruction, larning and school disposal. IT substructure includes hardwar e, package and services. The whole College portions this engineering, which provides the maps for leaving the cognition, pupils ‘ information engineering ability preparation, and the school day-to-day service. Harmonizing to the text edition â€Å" Laudon and Laudon 12th edn p.206 † , the IT substructure of the West Moreton Anglican College is typically composed by seven major of interrelated engineering constituents.2.1 Computer Hardware Platforms:West Moreton Anglican College is taking the instruction sector ‘s engineering revolution by making an Australian first iPad app that places critical information at pupils ‘ fingertips. The current version of the WestMAC app provides pupils with instant entree to day-to-day notices, timetables, assessment calendars, jaunt inside informations and other of import College information. WestMAC Director of Technology and Information Services Tricia O'Keeffe said pupils are better prepared when they arrive at the College and are more likely to concentrate and concentrate in category as a consequence of holding entree to the app. â€Å" Supplying pupils and staff with instant entree to reliable, quality information translates into giving them the chance to do quality determinations, † Ms O'Keeffe said. She said the first version of the app was launched to pupils in early 2011 and the 2nd version, which introduces characteristics including on-line research databases, assignment assistants and cyber-safety resources, would be launched in the approaching hebdomads. Students in all sub-schools at the College – including Junior School ( Prep to Year 6 ) , Middle School ( Years 7 to 9 ) and Senior School ( Years 10 to 12 ) all have entree to the app and can entree it on their ain personally owned nomadic device. WestMAC pupils in Years 11 and 12 can entree the app via the iPad provided to them via the Federal Government ‘s National Secondary School Computer Fund as portion of WestMAC ‘s Mobile Learning Device Strategy. Students from Prep to Year 10 besides have entree to iPads during schoolroom activities. WestMAC Principal Geoff McLay said the College has embraced engineering as a agency of fixing pupils for the existent universe as they progress through their surveies and onto third instruction and employment. â€Å" It is critical that we provide our pupils with learning resources that equip them with the accomplishments and tools they need to win both during their school old ages and beyond, † Mr McLay said. â€Å" The 2nd version of the WestMAC app will further develop our pupils ‘ self-denial and clip direction accomplishments, every bit good as supplying instant entree to planetary on-line resources to heighten larning results, † he said.

Black Friday

The phenomenon of Black Friday Bustling city streets, hour-long lines, and retail store chaos: only one scenario explains the commonality between these situations, shopping on Black Friday. For half a century Black Friday has become an unofficial retail holiday in the United States. It is a day that offers incredible discounts and killer deals, and most notoriously, it brings a frenzy of crazed shoppers to local retailers looking to save on purchases.Marketing strategies, paired with consumers’ need to locate the best deals on Christmas gifts has led to Black Friday being celebrated as a consumption ritual comparable in importance to Thanksgiving Day. (Thomas and Peters, 2011) How has Black Friday become the largest retail sales day of the year? What is it that drives people to artificially induced hyper consumption, almost like an annual ritual? Many scientist and psychologists have many different theories and conclusions of why Black Friday has become the biggest shopping da y of the year.In this paper, I will take your through the research and conclusions that many psychologists have produced and the advantages and disadvantages of Black Friday. Dr. Stephanie Sarkis, Ph. D. explored the work of Jane Boyd Thomas and Cara Peters, professors at South Carolina's Winthrop University, who spent two years in research trying to find common traits in Black Friday shoppers. They conducted thirty-eight extensive interviews with â€Å"experienced† Black Friday shoppers and found four recurring themes: 1. Familial bonding (multiple generations and close friends) 2. Strategic planning . The great race 4. Mission accomplished But how do the four themes they came up with relate to one another? Thomas and Peters figured that all the traits when analyzed together showed one commonality. They wrote, â€Å"the traits are coalesced around a military metaphor, and is a bonding activity Shoppers prepare for the ritual by scanning Black Friday ads, and they map out th eir strategy. † (Sarkis 2011) In essence, the family is a type of team that scans adds, plans their route and potential purchases, executes their plans by buying products, and rejoices in their accomplishments.When all of these traits are analyzed individually, they mean little to main the main outcome, bonding. But when all the traits are looked at collectively, they all contribute to the overall success and goal of bonding. Besides giving us a breakdown of bonding activities, the analysis also shows how the average consumer plan for Black Friday. Just as Sarkis found themes that make up this military metaphor, Byun, professor of consumer affairs at Auburn University came up with her own theory on why people react the way they do on Black Friday. Crowds create a sense of competition — such as when hundreds of shoppers are rushing to collect marked-down goods — they generate a different feeling entirely. Competition creates what’s called hedonic shopping v alue, or a sense of enjoyment from the mere process of buying goods. At certain levels, consumers enjoy arousal and challenges during the shopping process. † (Khazan 2011) In essence what Byun is saying is consumers get more enjoyment because the crowds create an obstacle, which hinders the execution of the plans and preparations made. The crowds make getting what they want harder, which creates more value for the goods purchased.Just as Byun noted that crowds contribute to the Black Friday Craze, Kelly McGonigal, Ph. D. describes another factors that plays a big part in the â€Å"Black Friday frenzy†. Retailers, she notes, use innovative designs to lure customers into their stores and keep them there. McGonigal says â€Å"time pressure sales on limited products or scarce resources† triggers a negative physiological affect on the consumer. Scarcity for a certain commodity creates a sense of urgency to act now, a natural instinct to survive. This survival instinct can be related to hunting for some people.Black Friday is â€Å"hunting for women,† said Leisa Reinecke Flynn, professor of marketing and fashion merchandising at the University of Southern Mississippi. â€Å"It’s so much like deer hunting it’s hard to tell the two apart. † (Khazan 2011) Unfortunately, shopping on Black Friday is not motivated by survival instincts or a life in death situation. This paradox stimulates unusual behavior in consumers that creates disadvantages and potential dangers for those that are not necessarily into the hunt. The concept of Black Friday creates a â€Å"perfect storm† for consumer misbehavior.Misbehavior, as defined by Lennon, Johnson, and Lee is, â€Å"acts that violate accepted norms of conduct in consumption contexts. † (Lennon, Johnson, Lee, 2011) This compulsive behavior, or compulsive consumption, feeds off of the idea of scarcity. It induces people to act inappropriately harming others and often the mselves. â€Å"For many, if not most compulsive purchasers, buying is a reaction to stress or unpleasant situations. Compulsive consumption is a type of consumer behavior which is inappropriate, typically excessive, and clearly disruptive to the lives of other individuals. (Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond 1987) Both hunting and shopping hinge on long-standing traditions and generally involve pursuing a goal as a group. Whether the group actually hits its target is secondary to the fun of the chase. Hunting and shopping as shown above are very closely linked and motivated by the idea of scarcity. Just like there are limited deer in the forest, there are limited goods in the stores. The result is paradoxical in nature. People are fraudulently deceived into acting compulsively. (Herpen, Pieters and Zeelenberg 2005)Just as Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond concluded that compulsive behavior negatively affects the lives of others, Peter McGraw, Ph. D. drew a similar connection. He focuses more on social trends and pressures being the root of the problem. In The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity, McGraw makes a connection between Black Friday shopping and Thanksgiving Dinner. He explores the idea that once a year, people will consume more calories in one meal, than the average person consumes on a normal day.The next day they wake up, or sometimes not sleeping at all, and go shopping for hours on end. (McGraw and Warner 2011) Dr. McGraw’s research shows us that in a short period of forty eights hour there is over consumption of food on Thanksgiving and the hyper consumption or shopping on Black Friday. McGraw believes that the cause of this phenomenon is social influence and pressure. He writes, â€Å"One of the hallmarks of psychological science is that we are influenced by the actions of others—often more so than we'd like to admit.Sometimes we're impelled to take positive actions, such as switching to reusable bags or cutting down on littering. Other times, social influence can be quite negative. When it comes to Thanksgiving and Black Friday, unfortunately, the influences skew more toward bad than good. † (McGraw and Warner 2011) In other words McGraw places responsibility of hyper consumption on social trends, pressures, and even perhaps familial rituals for the ever-popular Black Friday. Another concept of Black Friday is one of mutual benefit for both consumer and retailer.Consumers’ benefit from large discounts on all sorts of items including clothing, electronics, furniture, and literally any other commodity available on the market. Retailers’ benefit by getting out of the red zone, finally making a profit for the fiscal year. The opportunities available on Black Friday is what drove 212 million shoppers to stores during Black Friday weekend in 2011. (Wilson, 2010) Retailers experience surging sales during Black Friday and the days that follow. This monetary benefit is what drives t heir extensive promotion and deal offerings, further influencing the consumer’s willingness to partake in the shopping frenzy.In a society where a corporation or business’s main purpose is to grow profits for the benefit of its shareholders, a company’s number one purpose is to increase sales, in order to increase profits. According to a New York Times article written by Adam Davidson, approximately one fifth of retailer’s total annual sales are made during the holiday shopping season. (Davidson, 2011) In conclusion, we can see that shopping on Black Friday brings people together in one way or another. For some, it brings people together in a positive way.Families and friends are able to work as a team who plan, prepare and execute their plans to achieve their goals. For others, Black Friday shoppers experience the negative affects of other people’s behavior. There are also advantages and disadvantages for both the consumer and retailer. Consumers get amazingly cheap prices on products while retailers experience a massive surge in sales. However one may look at Black Friday, it is a day that cannot be ignored. It’s influence and popularity are ever growing and expanding. Reference Page Davidson, Adam. The Black Friday Effect: Let’s Stimulate the Economy with Inflation. † The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Herpen, Erica van, Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2005) ,†How Product Scarcity Impacts on Choice: Snob and Bandwagon Effects†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32, eds. Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32 : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 623-624. Faber, J. Ronald, O’Guinn, C Thomas, and Krych, Raymond. (1987) â€Å"Compulsive Consumption†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds.Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14: Association for Sonsumer Research, Pages: 132-135. McGonigal, Kelly, Ph. D. â€Å"The Science of Willpower. † Comments on â€Å"Black Friday Shopping: How Stores Use Psychology to Fill Your Cart† N. p. , 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . McGraw, Peter, Ph. D. , and Warner, Joel. â€Å"The Humor Code. † The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity. N. p. , 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Ridgwar, Nicole, â€Å"Black Friday Sales Hit Record. † CNNMoney. Cable News Netwrok, 26 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Sarkis, Stephanie, Ph. D. â€Å"Here, There, and Everywhere. † Black Friday: A Collective Consumption Ritual. N. p. , 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Thomas, Jane Boyd, and Peters, Cara. (2011) â€Å"An exploratory investigation of Black Friday consumption rituals†, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 39 Iss: 7, pp. 522 – 537 Wallendorf, M. , Arnould, E. â€Å"We gather together: consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Dayâ € , in Journal of Consumer Research, (1991) Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 13-31. Wilson, April. â€Å"By the Numbers: Black Friday Shoppers and Their Impact on the Economy. † The Luckie ReTink Tank. 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . Black Friday The three sources to be compared are all in relation to the events that occurred on â€Å"Black Friday†, particularly surrounding the conduct of the metropolitan police. Source 10, taken from â€Å"The Times† newspaper presents the view that the police were more victims of the women and raiders that they were trying to control, and that it took some effort to restrain the women that were protesting on that day.Whereas source 11, taken from a memorandum that was sent to the home office after ‘Black Friday† gives the view that the police were acting violently towards the women protesting and that the women in this situation were the victims. Source 12, a statement from a suffragette who participated in â€Å"Black Friday† presents a similar opinion to that in source 11, indicating that the woman in question received several injuries from a police officer.The events that occurred on â€Å"Black Friday† and the conduct of the police have been under dispute by many historians, which some taking the side of source 10, and others agreeing more with the recollections presented in sources 11 and 12- it can therefore be argued how much sources 11 and 12 challenge the view contained in source 10 about the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†. Source 10, taken from â€Å"The Times’ newspaper on 19th November 1910 is an extract from a report covering the events of what eventually became known as â€Å"Black Friday†.It presents the view that the police â€Å"kept their temper very well’ towards â€Å"the ladies who flung themselves against (them)†. It also speaks of how â€Å"several police had their helmets knocked off in carrying out their duty† and later mentions that â€Å"one was disabled by a kick on the ankle† and another â€Å"was cut on the face by a belt† therefore implying that the women who were present on Black Friday were acting violently towards the police , and that any rough handling of the police towards the protesters was only in response to the treatment they were receiving.It could be said then, that this article presents the police in a positive light and shows the suffragettes to be the ones at fault on â€Å"Black Friday† which comes as no surprise given that the article comes from â€Å"The Times†- a newspaper that would have been primarily aimed at educated men, and its purpose therefore would have been to share the opinion that women were out of control and lacked the dignity to receive the vote. Source 11 on the other hand disagrees with the view presented in source source 10.It is an extract from a memorandum by the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Women’s Suffrage send to the Home Office after â€Å"Black Friday†. It agrees with the source ten in the sense that it admits a â€Å"relentless struggle† occurred between the police and the suffragettes, but it disagrees with source 10 because it presents the view that it was the police acting violently towards the women, who it says were â€Å"flung hither and thither amid moving traffic, and into the hands of a crows which was sometimes rough and indecent†.This opinion is presented because the purpose of the memorandum sent to the home office was to request a public inquiry into the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†, because they did not follow their â€Å"usual course of action† which â€Å"would have been to arrest the women on a charge of obstruction† but they â€Å"had been instructed to avoid, as far as possible, making any arrests† which is why, the women argue that the police were so violent.Also, this article presents the events of â€Å"Black Friday† in such a different light, because it was written by those who sympathized with Suffragettes and therefore supported them, the Committee was set up in 1910 to encourage support for women’s suffr age, so it would have wanted to make the actions of the police look bad in order to gain support for the women who were protesting. Similar to source 11, Source 12, from a statement by a 60 year old suffragette who had participated in the demonstration on â€Å"Black Friday† is of the opinion that it was the police who acted wrongly during the events, and not the women protesting.The suffragette talks about how she was â€Å"seized by several policemen† and how â€Å"one twisted (her) right arm behind (her) back with such brute force that (she) really thought he would break it†. She also mentions that â€Å"another policeman gave (her) a terrible blow in (her) back, which sent (her) whirling into the crowd†- clearly presenting the view that the police were acting violently and out of conduct towards the women and as a result disputing the viewpoint held in source 10.However, it must be taken into consideration the purpose of this statement, which was a te stament before the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Women’s Suffrage, who we know from source 11 sympathized with suffragettes and were trying to gain support from them. Therefore, the women who gave this testament would have been trying to give as much evidence against the police as possible in order for the Committee to have a case against the police and order for an inquiry to be made.In addition to this, it was the aim of suffragettes at time to create as much publicity towards their cause as they could, whether good or bad, they wanted attention, and by complaining about the police it would have prolonged the time that â€Å"Black Friday† was publicized in the media which was what they wanted. In conclusion, sources 11 and 12, which present the view that it was the police who acted wrongly on â€Å"Black Friday† disagree with the view presented in source 10, which is that it was the women who were at fault.This is because the purpose of both sources 11 and 12 was to create sympathy for the suffragettes in order to gain support for their cause, whereas source 10 was aimed at an audience who did not support women’s suffrage, and by publishing an article presenting women in a bad light, â€Å"The Times† newspaper would have been ensuring that it’s readers remained loyal. Although sources 11 and 12 agree with source 10 in the fact that a violent dispute took place, they differ in opinion of who was the victim in the situation, therefore sources 11 and 12 challenge the view presented in source 10 about the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†. Black Friday The phenomenon of Black Friday Bustling city streets, hour-long lines, and retail store chaos: only one scenario explains the commonality between these situations, shopping on Black Friday. For half a century Black Friday has become an unofficial retail holiday in the United States. It is a day that offers incredible discounts and killer deals, and most notoriously, it brings a frenzy of crazed shoppers to local retailers looking to save on purchases.Marketing strategies, paired with consumers’ need to locate the best deals on Christmas gifts has led to Black Friday being celebrated as a consumption ritual comparable in importance to Thanksgiving Day. (Thomas and Peters, 2011) How has Black Friday become the largest retail sales day of the year? What is it that drives people to artificially induced hyper consumption, almost like an annual ritual? Many scientist and psychologists have many different theories and conclusions of why Black Friday has become the biggest shopping da y of the year.In this paper, I will take your through the research and conclusions that many psychologists have produced and the advantages and disadvantages of Black Friday. Dr. Stephanie Sarkis, Ph. D. explored the work of Jane Boyd Thomas and Cara Peters, professors at South Carolina's Winthrop University, who spent two years in research trying to find common traits in Black Friday shoppers. They conducted thirty-eight extensive interviews with â€Å"experienced† Black Friday shoppers and found four recurring themes: 1. Familial bonding (multiple generations and close friends) 2. Strategic planning . The great race 4. Mission accomplished But how do the four themes they came up with relate to one another? Thomas and Peters figured that all the traits when analyzed together showed one commonality. They wrote, â€Å"the traits are coalesced around a military metaphor, and is a bonding activity Shoppers prepare for the ritual by scanning Black Friday ads, and they map out th eir strategy. † (Sarkis 2011) In essence, the family is a type of team that scans adds, plans their route and potential purchases, executes their plans by buying products, and rejoices in their accomplishments.When all of these traits are analyzed individually, they mean little to main the main outcome, bonding. But when all the traits are looked at collectively, they all contribute to the overall success and goal of bonding. Besides giving us a breakdown of bonding activities, the analysis also shows how the average consumer plan for Black Friday. Just as Sarkis found themes that make up this military metaphor, Byun, professor of consumer affairs at Auburn University came up with her own theory on why people react the way they do on Black Friday. Crowds create a sense of competition — such as when hundreds of shoppers are rushing to collect marked-down goods — they generate a different feeling entirely. Competition creates what’s called hedonic shopping v alue, or a sense of enjoyment from the mere process of buying goods. At certain levels, consumers enjoy arousal and challenges during the shopping process. † (Khazan 2011) In essence what Byun is saying is consumers get more enjoyment because the crowds create an obstacle, which hinders the execution of the plans and preparations made. The crowds make getting what they want harder, which creates more value for the goods purchased.Just as Byun noted that crowds contribute to the Black Friday Craze, Kelly McGonigal, Ph. D. describes another factors that plays a big part in the â€Å"Black Friday frenzy†. Retailers, she notes, use innovative designs to lure customers into their stores and keep them there. McGonigal says â€Å"time pressure sales on limited products or scarce resources† triggers a negative physiological affect on the consumer. Scarcity for a certain commodity creates a sense of urgency to act now, a natural instinct to survive. This survival instinct can be related to hunting for some people.Black Friday is â€Å"hunting for women,† said Leisa Reinecke Flynn, professor of marketing and fashion merchandising at the University of Southern Mississippi. â€Å"It’s so much like deer hunting it’s hard to tell the two apart. † (Khazan 2011) Unfortunately, shopping on Black Friday is not motivated by survival instincts or a life in death situation. This paradox stimulates unusual behavior in consumers that creates disadvantages and potential dangers for those that are not necessarily into the hunt. The concept of Black Friday creates a â€Å"perfect storm† for consumer misbehavior.Misbehavior, as defined by Lennon, Johnson, and Lee is, â€Å"acts that violate accepted norms of conduct in consumption contexts. † (Lennon, Johnson, Lee, 2011) This compulsive behavior, or compulsive consumption, feeds off of the idea of scarcity. It induces people to act inappropriately harming others and often the mselves. â€Å"For many, if not most compulsive purchasers, buying is a reaction to stress or unpleasant situations. Compulsive consumption is a type of consumer behavior which is inappropriate, typically excessive, and clearly disruptive to the lives of other individuals. (Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond 1987) Both hunting and shopping hinge on long-standing traditions and generally involve pursuing a goal as a group. Whether the group actually hits its target is secondary to the fun of the chase. Hunting and shopping as shown above are very closely linked and motivated by the idea of scarcity. Just like there are limited deer in the forest, there are limited goods in the stores. The result is paradoxical in nature. People are fraudulently deceived into acting compulsively. (Herpen, Pieters and Zeelenberg 2005)Just as Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond concluded that compulsive behavior negatively affects the lives of others, Peter McGraw, Ph. D. drew a similar connection. He focuses more on social trends and pressures being the root of the problem. In The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity, McGraw makes a connection between Black Friday shopping and Thanksgiving Dinner. He explores the idea that once a year, people will consume more calories in one meal, than the average person consumes on a normal day.The next day they wake up, or sometimes not sleeping at all, and go shopping for hours on end. (McGraw and Warner 2011) Dr. McGraw’s research shows us that in a short period of forty eights hour there is over consumption of food on Thanksgiving and the hyper consumption or shopping on Black Friday. McGraw believes that the cause of this phenomenon is social influence and pressure. He writes, â€Å"One of the hallmarks of psychological science is that we are influenced by the actions of others—often more so than we'd like to admit.Sometimes we're impelled to take positive actions, such as switching to reusable bags or cutting down on littering. Other times, social influence can be quite negative. When it comes to Thanksgiving and Black Friday, unfortunately, the influences skew more toward bad than good. † (McGraw and Warner 2011) In other words McGraw places responsibility of hyper consumption on social trends, pressures, and even perhaps familial rituals for the ever-popular Black Friday. Another concept of Black Friday is one of mutual benefit for both consumer and retailer.Consumers’ benefit from large discounts on all sorts of items including clothing, electronics, furniture, and literally any other commodity available on the market. Retailers’ benefit by getting out of the red zone, finally making a profit for the fiscal year. The opportunities available on Black Friday is what drove 212 million shoppers to stores during Black Friday weekend in 2011. (Wilson, 2010) Retailers experience surging sales during Black Friday and the days that follow. This monetary benefit is what drives t heir extensive promotion and deal offerings, further influencing the consumer’s willingness to partake in the shopping frenzy.In a society where a corporation or business’s main purpose is to grow profits for the benefit of its shareholders, a company’s number one purpose is to increase sales, in order to increase profits. According to a New York Times article written by Adam Davidson, approximately one fifth of retailer’s total annual sales are made during the holiday shopping season. (Davidson, 2011) In conclusion, we can see that shopping on Black Friday brings people together in one way or another. For some, it brings people together in a positive way.Families and friends are able to work as a team who plan, prepare and execute their plans to achieve their goals. For others, Black Friday shoppers experience the negative affects of other people’s behavior. There are also advantages and disadvantages for both the consumer and retailer. Consumers get amazingly cheap prices on products while retailers experience a massive surge in sales. However one may look at Black Friday, it is a day that cannot be ignored. It’s influence and popularity are ever growing and expanding. Reference Page Davidson, Adam. The Black Friday Effect: Let’s Stimulate the Economy with Inflation. † The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Herpen, Erica van, Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2005) ,†How Product Scarcity Impacts on Choice: Snob and Bandwagon Effects†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32, eds. Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32 : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 623-624. Faber, J. Ronald, O’Guinn, C Thomas, and Krych, Raymond. (1987) â€Å"Compulsive Consumption†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds.Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14: Association for Sonsumer Research, Pages: 132-135. McGonigal, Kelly, Ph. D. â€Å"The Science of Willpower. † Comments on â€Å"Black Friday Shopping: How Stores Use Psychology to Fill Your Cart† N. p. , 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . McGraw, Peter, Ph. D. , and Warner, Joel. â€Å"The Humor Code. † The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity. N. p. , 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Ridgwar, Nicole, â€Å"Black Friday Sales Hit Record. † CNNMoney. Cable News Netwrok, 26 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Sarkis, Stephanie, Ph. D. â€Å"Here, There, and Everywhere. † Black Friday: A Collective Consumption Ritual. N. p. , 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Thomas, Jane Boyd, and Peters, Cara. (2011) â€Å"An exploratory investigation of Black Friday consumption rituals†, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 39 Iss: 7, pp. 522 – 537 Wallendorf, M. , Arnould, E. â€Å"We gather together: consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Dayâ € , in Journal of Consumer Research, (1991) Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 13-31. Wilson, April. â€Å"By the Numbers: Black Friday Shoppers and Their Impact on the Economy. † The Luckie ReTink Tank. 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct 2012. .

Rational Choice Theory and Irrational Decisions Essay

Rational Choice Theory and Irrational Decisions - Essay Example The last decades have been characterized by the widely spread opinion, that any political behavior, especially in the area of international relations can be explained on the basis of the rational choice. On the contrary, certain political scientists have also argued as for the relevance and universality of the present theory in terms of international political decisions. The core of the rational choice approach is that 'people always try to maximize their interests', (Ferejohn & Satz, 1996); in regional politics this maximization may be connected with the desire of people to vote for this or that candidate, while at the international level the rational choice depends on what profits each state will gain as a result of this or that political decision. Having its roots in the economic sciences, rational choice theory is usually based on the cost-benefit calculations. Politics as a whole appears to be the area of the irrational choices, which can hardly be explained by the rational choice theories; this is why to prove this assumption we have to look closer at the examples of such cases with their relation to the theory. Ian Shapiro has called the rational choice theory 'a model that pretends to explain everything'. ... f the belief, that rational choice theory was the basis for the explanation of international political processes, has probably taken place during the falling of communist regime across Europe. The prominent political scientists have failed to explain the reasons and the grounds of such collapse. (Snidal, 2002) This was one of the most prominent irrational actions, which took place during the world political history and science. This was also the time, through which the post-behaviorists understood there were other means of explaining international political relations. In relation to the rational choice theory, the question appears as for the assumption, that this theory looks at the participants of the political processes as actors, who have their purpose and goal, and thus act on the rational basis; (Bates, 1997) but what about the Muslim Shahids, who commit suicides in the Middle East looking for some unknown and unreasonable idea If the rational choice is the analysis of costs and benefits of certain political actions, how can this theory explain these actions, which certainly influence the general international situation In this behavior only the one part of this theory is seen - the costs; the benefits are absolutely absent at the first glance, or they are vague and invisible for the analyst. While the subject of the suicide supposes such act to be the means of displaying his (her) political beliefs, such behavior is usually taken as absolutely irrational, leading to no profits and causing international conflicts. The rational choice theory here is proved to be unable of explaining these behaviors and choices through its statements. On the other hand, the actions of Shahids may be taken as rational on the basis of the assumption, that their behavior is not

Immoral sex and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immoral sex and religion - Essay Example The bounds of morally had not been tested more than the present times.And among the compelling issues,practiced by most,are premarital sex, prostitution, homosexuality,and other forms of immoral sex.When people don’t really understand the real meaning and purpose of something they do it indiscriminately without prejudice. Human’s limited understanding on the purpose of sex resulted to the above immoral acts. Even worst, despite knowing the purpose, they do it beyond the limit. Premarital sex and prostitution are not new to the society.By nature, since the record of Biblical history, humans are always tempted by these sinful acts. But by the gift of God man was given a moral way to satisfy his sexual needs. The apostle Paul, inspired by the Holy Spirit, addressed these words to the converts from Corinth, who, being used to Roman customs, were fond of using prostitutes as sex partners and engaging sex without marriage â€Å"Nevertheless, because of sexual immorality, let each man have his own wife, and let each woman have her own husband. Let the husband render to his wife the affection due her, and likewise also the wife to her husband† (1 Corinthians 7:2-3).These passages of the New Testament reinforced the fact that prostitution and premarital sex is immoral and that there is a better way to fighting this immoral acts – that is through marriage. Being converts into Christianity, the old sinful people were given the chance to straighten their acts by entering into Christian marriage before engaging sex and to have a single spouse as sex partner. By sanctifying the bond of relationship the couple accepted by the society can exercise their physical needs within them. By subjecting themselves to marriage allows them to enjoy married life and sex in a moral way according to the plan of God. Premarital sex as accepted norm But because of human's ignorance or deliberate neglect of the real plan of God for mankind, and the importance of sex in this plan, they look at it as a simple biological desire that can be enjoyed to the fullest. Most people do not consider sex as a gift that can only be used within the bounds of marriage. They look at it as a civil right that everyone can freely use. Several articles and studies published have shown that premarital sex had been accepted in societies throughout the world. Report from Finer (73) showed that the 2002 survey indicate that by age 20, 77% of respondents already had sex and 75% of which are premarital sex. The study further revealed that among those who abstained until at least age 20, 81% had had premarital sex by age 44. In general, the study showed 80-90% of women in sexually active age had premarital sex in their lifetimes. In a separate study reported by BBC News in the article published in January 23, 2008, "The British Social Attitudes Survey suggests 70% of the 3,000 people polled had no objections to pre-marital sex." These show how societies, so socially advanced yet neglected the fundamental Christian teaching against premarital sex. America and Britain are composed by majority of Christian believers. The abovementioned reports show that sex outside marriage has been an accepted norm, and since majority is doing it, it then becomes moral in the sense. This is a kind of "majority role" which is a sort of mob role. In this case, as always has been, the mob role is not acceptable in well-organized societies. Knowing however that abstinence is a moral solution but difficult to practice, Finer suggested that "education and interventions that provide young people with the skills and information they need to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases once they become sexually active"(78). The recommendations of Finer is tantamount to saying, "if we can't beat them; join them" even if the practice is immoral. In Christian values, what is immoral is immoral. The Christian teachings in the New Testament and even the Old Testament clearly denounce sexual affairs outside the sanctity

Kingston, Maxine Hong, ed. Veterans of War, Veterans of Peace. Kihei, Essay

Kingston, Maxine Hong, ed. Veterans of War, Veterans of Peace. Kihei, Hawaii Koa Books, 2006 - Essay Example Along with the things the also carry terror, love, dignity with a poise, grief and longing. When Lt.Cross was singled out from group of Army men, O'Brien presents in detail about the inner feelings and thoughts and stress that Lt.Cross carries the lives of his men along with his things. The Story is a reflection to the thoughts of the readers about the War of Vietnam and also about the soldiers who are fighting in the war. O'Brien was shot thrice and got wounded and so he was discharged from the duty of fighting. He was ordered to serve the supplies to the men of Battalion from the company. With the transfer he was teared from the map of Vietnam. The story revolves around Bobby Jorgenson. He was in the place of Rat in the team of Army on whom O'Brien developed lot of anger. O'Brien had given importance to what soldiers do at night. He hated a lot to roam about night and delivered the pans of hatred and yearnings about Jorgenson. According to him the nights are totally different from the day as spending nights in the Army formed this opinion. The old company was so different in the night with him and all this urged to take revenge on Jogerson.

Experience in achieving goals and professional growth Essay

Experience in Achieving Goals and Professional Growth - Essay Example This unique background has given me several advantages in my personal life and professional activities. I am able not only able to adapt quickly to new environments, but also am able to help others make the best out of their differences. My unique background has enabled me to integrate groups of people from different cultures and countries.My family owns a Company that exports Persian Carpets to Europe and some other countries. My professional work started when I was 23 years old when I decided to work for my father in his company in Tehran. In the early stages of my work experience I mostly dealt with our customers in Europe. My ability to speak three languages helped me to build a relationship with our suppliers and customers abroad. By the age of 25 I was the sales manager of the company and we also had opened offices in Germany, Sweden and Dubai. As a company's representatives, I have attended many International Exhibitions abroad and have gained international experienced that ha s equipped me with the skills necessary to deal with foreign suppliers and customers.It seemed inevitable that we began to lose business due to the high expenses of logistics, a poor inventory system and the lack of IT technology in our operation, this became a larger and larger problem as time moved on. However, I continued to attack the problem even as others had given up hope. Finally, after consulting with an IT engineering team, we launched a new IT system for the whole operation. The results were tremendous, and ultimately the project was successful: we surpassed our saving objectives and I received an early promotion. In 1996 we started a business in Italy, but this time we had diversity of products and were ready to target a larger market in Europe. I moved back to Stockholm and was working as a representative in Europe. However, the market in Scandinavia was not what we expected to be, the demand for our product was quite lower than we had hoped. Therefore we needed to find a new market with a quite good purchasing power. In 1999 finally we started our trade with Japan and in beginning of 2000 we opened our office in Osaka, Japan. Now my father runs the entire operation in our head office in Tehran, my brother in Japan and myself in Europe. Although my multicultural background and my international experiences have helped me to achieve my goals during my career, I have always wanted to get a degree in business. Finally, in 2004, I decided to go to UK and get a degree in International Business. As a mature student there are some advantages and disadvantages, and I used my experiences from the real world to tackle the problems that arose during my degree. However, it was not an easy task to go back to college at this age. However, I stuck it out, and I am now in my final year. It seems that I could accomplish my degree with an MBA programme, I also believe that an MBA programme can help me develop other vital skills essential to my standing as a professi onal. For example, I will benefit from the opportunity to further polish my public speaking ability and hone my skills as a negotiator. Now our Business is very successful and the experience was satisfying, clearly, the skill I developed from running a business was beneficial. However, I feel that the initiative and entrepreneurial effort were the most important things I took from my work experience. Essay Two I embarked on a journey towards MBA when I earned an undergraduate degree in International Business at The Manchester University. An MBA will provide the impetus and setting for honing my skills in the areas of negotiation, persuasion, inspiration, and professional articulation. I also see the MBA as a rare opportunity to gain heightened insight into other lifestyles.

1. Explain what the terms correlations AND confounding variables mean Essay

1. Explain what the terms correlations AND confounding variables mean (in your own words, and cite the source) - Essay Example The article on Obesity in Latino Children seeks to identify factors that can be associated with overweight and obesity observed in Latino children (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). The study exhibited both correlations and confounding factors. Correlation in research study implies the characteristic relationship between the variables treated in the study. Specifically, correlation between variables implies that a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in another variable as a result of the first change (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). In other words, with one or more variables whose change induces change in another variable or variables, all the variables involved are said to be correlated. The study presented in the article seeks to identify factors that are primarily associated with obesity and overweight scenarios observed in Latino children. The study takes into account what other literatures have said about the issue and critiques the information contained therein. The study also identifies research loopholes in the literatures considered in line with the current trends in the issue around the time the study was conducted in the year 2011. Challenges that characterized the study are highlighted and future research propositions made on the subject matter of the study. Research studies also employ confounding variables to aid the treatment of objectives and hypothesis being examined. Confounding variables are research aiding tools that are crucial in the examination of the topic of study, but are relatively hard to measure or account for in the research undertaking (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). In other words, they are crucial aiding variables in a study in that they complement the dependent and independent research variables. Although confounding variables are not directly examined in the study, they enhance the inferences made by backing up the primary

Langauge structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Langauge structure - Assignment Example Arabski (1979 pp.135-143) says that making errors is part of the process of acquiring a language and is mostly influenced by transference and simplification. English and Arabic languages are different in many ways and as expected Arab speakers encounter many phonological, morphological and semantic problems when learning English. Arabic speakers do not recognize how to use adjectives in sentences. This is because in Arabic adjectives come after the noun whereas in English adjectives come before the noun. Most Arabic speaks erroneously transfer their knowledge of adjectives during the course of learning English (Cruse 1986 pp.40). This paper will discuss how Arab speakers struggle using adjectives while giving specific learner errors. The discussion will focus on some published language teaching material and it will analyze, compare and evaluate these errors. Project Description Theoretical Framework Studying errors second language learners make is a field that has created a buzz amon g linguists. Several theories have been advanced, and one such theory is the Contrastive Analysis This is a process that explains the comparative aspects of the Mother tongue (MT) and the Target Language (TL). James (1998) provides examples for instance consonant clusters, tense and comparison of the form and meaning of the two languages. This according to Fries (1945) is supposed to determine the oddities that result to interference and error. The reason being a second language learner may find some aspects of the target language easy to learn and others hard. The assumption second language learners make is that it will be easy to learn those aspects that are similar to their native language and very difficult to learn those aspects that are different from their native language. Contrastive Analysis has been conducted on many languages. Khuwaileh and Al Shoumali (2000) studied the writing of Arabic learners of academic English. He was focusing the frequent errors on coherence tense errors, lack of cohesion and parts of speech errors. The study compared the Arabic language and English. Bataineh (2005) investigated the problems Arab learners of language and translators’ encounter when translating Arabic sentences. The focus was on articles. Contrastive Analysis has faced some criticism and thus other theories emerged to fill the gap. The theory advocating for the existence of a â€Å"psychological structure latent in the brain† brought in the idea of Interlanguage (IL) seen in the process of learning a second language. Selinker (1972 pp.209-231) claimed that second language learners created some interim grammars in trying to achieve the target language but this vocabulary changes depending on the task of extraction and the context. IL is influenced by Transfer of training, Language transfer, Strategies of second language communication, Overgeneralization and Strategies of second language learning. As it is impossible to acquire a second language w ithout making errors, many linguists have invested time and resources in analyzing errors and why they occur. There are several reasons for studying errors. According to Corder (1975 pp.122-154) errors can tell a linguist how much a second language learner has acquired and what other aspects of the language require to be emphasized. Also as, James (1980) put it, errors are also markers of how the process of acquiring a second

Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sweeney Todd by Tim Burton - Essay Example   Burton, in his bid to ensure that the film retained its most critical aspects consulted heavily with Sondiem, the latter giving as much advice as possible throughout the process.I find that the film has continued to follow Sondiem’s plot while at the same time attempting to make it as short as possible so that it can retain the basic length of motion pictures. Sondiem’s influence can be seen throughout the film, starting from the costumes worn by the actors to the music being performed and this shows that despite the play being adapted to film, it remains faithful to its roots on stage. Furthermore, Burton is able to put his own mark on the film through his ensuring that it is not only dark, but it also includes those roles that different actors play extremely well, hence the film has a natural feel to it. In this way, it is possible to find that the different actors are actually quite comfortable in their roles, hence making the film more natural as it moves from o ne scene to another.However, I find that while the main plot of the play is retained in the film, the latter does not completely remain loyal to the script as seen where the roles of some characters is diminished in favor of others. I believe that this might be as a result of the shorter length of the film when compared to the play which is actually quite long and the original plot cannot be included. I have come to notice that the roles of some of the minor characters are completely removed and that some of their lines are given to other characters.  

E-commerce in International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-commerce in International Marketing - Essay Example If you pay via cash, check, credit card, etc. The major difference between the two is that in E-Business a firm is utilizing web based resources to promote its products and in E-Commerce the company is only operating virtually using a web based interface to interact with its customers. International Marketing differs in E-business and E-Commerce. As in E-Business a firm might not be catering to all the countries with the same website, but in E-Commerce a firm needs to change its catalog only according to the products that it's offering to different countries. For example in E-Commerce a product might be available for the customers of U.S. but not for the customers of Canada hence customers from different countries need to specify their country in order to be able to see what's available to them. Likewise if a product is marketed in E-Commerce internationally, only the common aspects of the international markets its being sell to are used in making an international marketing strategy. But in E-Business the company can create different websites for different international markets it's selling in; hence E-Business in international marketing differs from country to country. ... Other factors that play a part are the demand, supply of that product and whether it's a necessity or a luxury product. The technological infrastructure should be efficient in delivering automated replies to customers, it should provide necessary and related information to the customer. The infrastructure should provide backup in time of problems. When developing an internet marketing strategy in relation to international marketing its important to considered some aspects of the market. The most important is to design the website using the language of the country. Other aspects include making web advertisements according to the cultures and norms of the country that the market belongs to this can be achieved by viewing the local websites of the market. Internet can play a major part for any organization in achieving its objective in the international market for marketing its product. This source of marketing is cheaper and more effective as more people surf the internet. It's easier for the customers to learn about the organizations product sitting at home. On television a viewer can only watch but on internet the customer can get answers to his or her questions apart from viewing information about the product. Another important concept is the language factor a if a website can be viewed by an international customer in his or her own language than he will get a better understanding of the product. Ans.3 As I have to explore and implement various ways of E-Business for my organization, the first step would be to know about the markets that have high demand for our products. The second step would be to select markets that have technological support

Comparison of the systems Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the systems Essay In this assignment you describe and compare the circulatory, skeletal, and respiratory systems of sharks, iguanas, eagles, and humans. Answer each of the following questions in 25 to 50 words. Circulatory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The shark’s heart which is a major component in its circulatory system is shaped like an S and is located in the head region. The sharks hear has 2 chambers and atrium and a ventricle. Blood is pumped by the heart through the afferent brachial arteries to capillaries in the gills where the blood is oxygenated. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? The circulatory system centers around the heart where blood is pumped through arteries then through tissues of the body to distribute nutrients throughout the body and back to the heart. Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The Iguana has a unique situation when it comes to the circulatory system because the Iguana has a 3 chamber heart. Two of the chambers of the Iguanas heart are atria and one is ventricle. The ventricle has the job of keeping oxygenated blood from being mixed in with de-oxygenated blood. How does this animal’s circulatory system work?Since the Iguana has a 3  chambered heart it would not be uncommon for the Iguana to have a circulatory system that is double. Because the Iguana has a double circulatory system this causes blood to have to pass through the heart twice. Blood first flows from the heart of the Iguana to the lungs and then back to the heart where it is then distributed throughout the Iguanas body using tissues, after the blood leaves tissues it flows back to the heart. Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The human circulatory system is like a recycling system. The heart is a main part of the circulatory system. The heart pumps to help blood move throughout vessels in the body. Blood vessels which include arteries carry blood from the heart to tissues in the body to keep them alive. Veins carry blood back to the heart from the tissues and capillaries which are tiny veins that connect the arteries and veins. The primary role of blood in the circulatory system is to transport substances to and from all parts of the body How does this animal’s circulatory system work? As blood moves throughout the circulatory system it is acting as a transporter picking up and dropping off substances as it flows. Oxygen is picked up from the lungs and nutrients from the food digested is picked up from the intestines and is delivered to the heart where it is sorted and redistributed to the body getting rid of things the body doesn’t need in the process. What is similar in all of these circulatory systems? What is different in all of these circulatory systems? Respiratory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks can respire by pumping water over its gills. When the shark open and closes its mouth water enters into the mouth then the gill chambers. Water then exits through gill slits, while in the gills blood filiments absorbs oxygen from the incoming water. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? A sharks respiratory system has no blood vessels and receive its oxygen directly from surrounding tissues and fluids Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. The respiratory  system of humans is quite complex as air enters into the human body it comes into contact with the diaphragm and other muscles of the thorax known as the chest that acts as an air pump. When the air enters the lungs which constitute as the exchange surface taking from the air what the body needs and getting rid of what it does not. After the air has entered the lungs and needed CO2 and O2 is extracted air then leaves through airways like the nose, mouth trachea and bronchi. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? The human respiratory system takes the air that enters in to the human body and extract needed oxygen from the air and distributes it throughout the body. The human respiratory system also acts as a protector from unsafe particles that may be taken in. The human respiratory system will get rid of all bad or unneeded air. What is similar in all of these respiratory systems? What is different in all of these respiratory systems? Skeletal System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks belong to a special group of fish called Elasmobranchs which are fish with no bones. A shark’s skeleton is completely made up of cartilage. Some parts of the shark’s skeleton like the vertebrae are calcified. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? The shark’s cartilage does not contain any blood vessels so it receives its oxygen directly from surrounding tissue and fluids. If a shark does not constantly move it will sink, which is where it cartilage skeleton comes in handy giving the shark the ability to float. A complete cartilage skeleton allows the shark to be very quick and agile. Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. The human skeleton is made up of mostly rigid brittle bone. The human skeleton is mostly cartilage as babies but changes to bone as humans get older. Cartilage is a firm but flexible material and it is hard but not brittle. The human skeleton needs a combination of rigidity and flexibility and must provide a strong foundation for skeletal muscles. Cartilage is in places where firmness and flexibility are needed such as connections between individual bones. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human skeletal system works by the use of contracting muscles. When muscles generate force by contracting or shortening to move the human skeleton the system is at work. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by means of tendons which are tough bands. Muscles are a pulling not a pushing force to create movement. What is similar in all of these skeletal systems? What is different in all of these skeletal systems?

Factors Affecting Social Entrepreneurship

Factors Affecting Social Entrepreneurship This purpose of this report is to highlight the different factors such as networking, leadership and innovation that affect Social Entrepreneurship. This study provides an analysis of social entrepreneurship. The paper suggests the factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship, particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political and economic context for poor groups. In the study, a literature review combining different theories with research on social entrepreneurship is presented. The study shows that networking, leadership and innovation plays a role in enabling the social entrepreneur to take on a different role set. CHAPTER 1:  INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Social entrepreneurship, over the years have gained a lot of attention and popularity, mostly due to its concept based on the fields of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), (Tozzi 2009; Murray 2007) which have turned many entrepreneurs to pursue their business initiatives towards the betterment of the society or the environment in an innovative way, and at the same time running a profitable business (Martin and Osberg, 2007). Since social entrepreneurship covers important topics such as social, political, ethical and environmental it has climbed up the agenda throughout the world, as different regions, countries, and disciplines are able to relate to social entrepreneurship (Vabarova, 2009) Social entrepreneurship has caught the eyes of theorists around the world in recent years (Dees, 2001; Leadbeater 1997; Thompson 2002). Not only the academic researchers have shown their interest in social entrepreneurship, it has also caught the eyes of business researchers (Bloom and Chatterji, 2009; Thompson, 2002). Social entrepreneurship provides an interesting perspective on business research, as it combines various entrepreneurial driving forces, which are driven towards the betterment of the society. (Dees, 2001) Today with increasing concept of the companies to think and act globally, social business initiatives have become quite observable (Bamburg, 2006; Bloom and Chatterji, 2009) The concept of social entrepreneurship was itself a big inspiration to make this report. The role of networking, leadership and innovation make this topic more interesting, in as how social entrepreneurs uses such factors in development and growth of their businesses. Recently, a Nordic research project was conducted by the Nordic Innovation centre which did a study on the topics of social entrepreneurship, the topic was mostly based on the innovative initiatives derived from environmental, social, or ethical issues, through this research it was also derived that networking plays a very important role in social entrepreneurship. The interviews with some of the social entrepreneurs clearly showed as how networking has helped them in positioning themselves and their business missions. In an interview with Diana Svensk, who initiated a business, offering ecologically hats gave an interesting view on her way to run her business as an entrepreneur: I tend to transform every social situation from a wedding to a formal meeting- into a working space. I always grasp the opportunity to discuss and vent my opinions, regardless of the circumstances, and I frequently find myself in debates about entrepreneurship, moral, fashion, and the environment. This is how I connect with people, and it leads to new connections and thoughts, inspiring me to constantly act in new directions when the next day arrives (An interview from the journal of Frigell and Gustavsson) The concept of social entrepreneurship is mostly applied to the context of social problem solving (Dees 1998; Thake Zadek 1997; Emerson Twersky 1986) thus in order to find an effective and sustainable solution to these problems, solutions are generally associated with certain changes or new innovation in business creations. The concept of social entrepreneurship clearly emphasizes the innovative character of the business initiative. The replication or expansion of existing services is a valuable solution to a social problem. When the resources or capacities for the expansion of goods and services are not available then creative initiatives are used to serve wider population (Uphoff 1997, Esman Krishna 1998) such creative initiatives represent social entrepreneurship. Most of the literature on the leadership focuses primarily on individuals and their personal skills or attributes (Gardner 1995; Heifetz 1994) but on the other hand some of the literature believes that leadership groups may be more important than individuals, and focusing primarily on individuals may obscure essential aspects of the initiative (Paul 1982; Thake Zadek 1997) however it is also believed that leadership-whether group or individual is important in the success of social entrepreneurial ventures. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Social entrepreneurship is rising at a fast speed. Social Entrepreneurship refers to recognizing a social problem and using social entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to make social changes. (Wikipedia 2009) Social Entrepreneurs are commonly associated with the voluntary and not-for-profit sectors. They promote health, welfare and well-being. Their assets in the form of social capital are- relationships, networks, trusts and co-operation. They should be socially networking in order to create a physical and financial capital. (Leadbeater, 1997) The purpose of the researcher through this report is to find out the different factors that have an impact on Social Entrepreneurship. SPECIFIC AIM: The main specific aim of the research is to find out the impact of different factors on social entrepreneurs, thus in order to fulfill the aim of the research the study conducts case studies of different Indian Social Entrepreneurs. RESEARCH PROBLEM AREA: Since the group of social entrepreneurs has increased in a large number in a relatively short time, the researcher finds it relevant to study them, and analyze how they interact with their surroundings to shape their businesses. This is interesting that the social entrepreneurs Inspite of performing various entrepreneurial corporate, personal and socially driven roles, sometimes do not give much importance to the certain skills required in developing the business, thus this research is set-out to make in-depth case studies of Indian social entrepreneurs and their networking, leadership and innovative behavior. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to find out the impact of networking / Leadership and innovation on social entrepreneurs RESEARCH QUESTIONS: R1: To what extent networking has an impact on social entrepreneurship R2: To what extent leadership has an impact on social entrepreneurship R3: To what extent innovation impact social entrepreneur HYPOTHESIS: H1: Networking has a significant role in the development of social entrepreneurship H2: Leadership has a significant role in the development of social entrepreneurship H2a: Successful social entrepreneurship initiatives are often founded by leaders with the capacity to work with and build bridges among very diverse stakeholders H2b: Successful social entrepreneurship initiatives have leadership that is characterized by: Long-term commitment to the initiative Capacity to catalyze adaptation to emerging contextual challenge H3: Innovation has a significant role in the development of social entrepreneur H3a: Successful social entrepreneurship involves innovations that mobilize existing assets of marginalized groups. LITERATURE REVIEW: SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP The twentieth century saw the rise of social entrepreneurship, as many of the entrepreneurs who were generating phenomenal ideas, products, and wealth began to turn their focus on the chronic problems of local, national and global communities. The highly successful entrepreneurs started realizing that giving money in donations for the causes they cared is not the only option to help the society, but bring an effective change through proper utilization of funds is more appropriate way to help the community. (Grace, 2005) Leadbeaters (1997) contribution to the research area of social entrepreneurship, The rise of the social entrepreneur, was among the first provisions within the field and provides a fundamental theoretical view of concept of social entrepreneur. Leadbeater (1997) argues that a social entrepreneur works in the intersection sector areas between private, the public, and the voluntary sectors. Source: Leadbeater (1997) NETWORKING An appropriate starting point for understanding network behavior is to consider the basic question: why do companies network? There is generally a wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ established answer in theory to this question, which contends that no business is an island (Hà ¥kansson and Snehota, 1989; 2006). The relational view, presented by Dyer and Singh (1998), highlights that the (dis)advantages of an individual firm are often linked to the (dis)advantages of the network of relationships in which the firm is embedded (p.660). This argument is in line with the recognition within business strategy research that the boundaries of the firm are problematic to define (Foss, 2005). Hà ¥kansson and Snehota (2006) explain the substance of this boundary problem by arguing that an organisations continuous interaction with other actors in its context endows the organisation with a meaning and role. Gadde et al (2003) further emphasise this proposition: The basic point of departure for an industrial net work approach is that firms operate in the context of interconnected business relationships, forming networks.(p. 357) With these theoretical references as a staring point, it is evident that relationships make sense, not the least, as they constitute a source of identification of the network actor, the firm, itself. In this aspect, networking as an activity, conducted with an intention to build and manage such relationships, makes sense as well. LEADERSHIP Much of the literature on leadership focuses primarily on individuals and their personal skills or attributes (Gardner 1995; Heifetz 1994) while the other primarily focuses on the groups as focusing primarily on individuals may obscure essential aspects of the initiative (Paul 1982; Thake and Zadek 1997). However leadership whether group or individual is important in the success for social entrepreneurs. According to (Dees et ol 2002) it is interesting to know that in order to make difference around them social entrepreneurs sacrifices the benefits that they could have achieved through working in for-profit sectors. The ability of an entrepreneur to mobilize resources and resources are the keys for successful leadership quality. One of the important factor in the leadership of a social entrepreneur is to motivate people to work for them, only social entrepreneur with good leadership quality is able to motivate others to sacrifice the benefits and help him in changing the world. Leadership does not come with the job title, age, race, religion, gender, color etc. A good leader should have certain qualities like Charismatic Convincing Credible Capable Visionary Focused INNOVATION Innovation is a very important factor for the development of social entrepreneurs. Not all provision of goods and services amounts to social entrepreneurship. In many cases, replication or expansion of existing services is a valuable solution to a social problem but does not necessarily require social entrepreneurship. When the resources or capacities to duplicate existing services for poor or marginalized groups are not available, creative initiatives that reconfigure existing resources or services for more effective or wider delivery are imperative to serve wider populations (Uphoff et ol 1997) Source: The Researcher